The number of the Lubanas in the British Punjab by 1868 was 47,690. It increased to 48,988 in 1921. Thus an increase of 2.72 per cent was recorded among the Lubanas during this period. Various causes like lesser number of females and attacks of malaria due to their inhabitation in the BET areas were responsible for minor increase.

The Lubanas had many GOTS. Their names were different in different districts of the Punjab. Ajrawat, or Ghotra, Dalta, Pelia Parwal,Multani,Chaniana and Khasarya were the GOTS found in most of the districts. Pelia and Makhan Shahi were highly respected GOTS among the Lubanas. The names of the Lubana GOTS in Gujarat district were: Ajrawat, DAtla, Pelia, Parwal, Khasarya, Gojalia, Gujar, jTatra or TAdra, WAmial or Mathaun, Wamowal and Narowal. The first five of these were more important. They were also found in Central India. The remaining six were developed from ALS. The GOT names were said to have been derived from places of settlement, occupation and religious ceremonies. For instance, Parwal was from Padwa, the Janeo ceremony.

The case of Hoshiarpur and Kangra districts shows that the names of some of the Lubana GOTS varied in different regions. In Hoshiarpur district, Ajrawat, Datla, Pelia, Parwal, Khasarya, Kankanya, Lulia, Ghare, Kulwana and Bhagtaun were the GOTS of the Lubanas. In Kangra Tensile of Kangra district lived Ajrawat, Danie, Ghare, Dahgre, Belia, Gujars, Pelia, Khera, Mochie, Bhonie and Padurgi. In Burpur Tehsil there were the Ajrawat, Kalwana, Dotal, Kharrie, Mathaunie and Badwalie while DAtla and Pelia lived in Dehra Tehsil. The Muslim Lubanas had their GOTS akin to other Lubanas.

The case of Hoshiarpur and Kangra districts shows that the names of some of the Lubana GOTS varied in different regions. In Hoshiarpur district, Ajrawat, Datla, Pelia, Parwal, Khasarya, Kankanya, Lulia, Ghare, Kulwana and Bhagtaun were the GOTS of the Lobanas. In Kangra Tehsil of Kangra district livedAjrawat, Danie,Ghare, Dahgre, Belia, Gujars, Peliya, Khera, Mochie, Bhonie and Padurgi. In Nurpur Tehsil there were the Ajrawat, Kalwana, Dotal, Kharrie, Mathaunie and Badwalie while Datla and Pelia lived in Dehra Tehsil. The Muslim Lubanas had their GOTS akin to other Lubanas.

The Lubanas were Sikhs, Hindus and Mohammadans. At the outset of British rule, the number of Hindu Lubanas was more than the Sikh Lubanas. The Mohammadan Lubanas were the least numerous. In the census of 1868, the Lubanas were included among the Hindu tribes. In 1881, the total Lubanas in the British Punjab were 42,495. Among them 66.5 percent were the Hindus, 30 percent were Sikhs and only 3.5 percent Muslims. In 1921, the number of the Sikh Lubanas increased to 81.43 percent and Mohammadan Lubanas to 6.23 percent. The number of the Hindu Lubanas decreased to 12.34 percent. The number of the Hindu Lubanas decreased to 12.34 percent. The number of Sikh Lubanas increased due to the absorption of Hindu Lubanas among them.

Many factors were responsible for the increasing inclination among the Lubanas towards Sikhism. The most important point was the KESHADHARI Sikh Lubanas like other Sikhs had become hyjpergamous. They married the daughters of sahajdharis. The Sikh Lubanas considered themselves above their Hindu brothers. Hypergamy was generally a step in the direction of breaking off from the parent caste, and mechanism again was of the corporate caste type. Enlistment of the keshadhari Lubanas in the army was another factor responsible for this inclination. It is clear from the fact the number of Lubanas increased in the army. These were seperate companies of Lubanas in the Pioneers. As the caste restrictions were not rigid among the Sikhs, there was a large scale conversion of the Lubanas into Sikhisms. Moreover, Sikhism was also accepted for economic reasons. The expenses on social ceremonies were less among the Sikhs than those of the Hindus.

The Singh Sabha Movement played an active role in promoting Sikhism among the Lubanas. The Lubanas whole-heartedly followed the programmes of Singh Sabha Movement. Besides, there was a well-known saying that 'Lubana Hindu nahin'. They showed great inclination towards Sikhism.

Sant Prem Singh, the spiritual leader of the community did a lot to increase the number of Sikh Lubanas. A large number of Lubanas were baptised by him. With the co-operation of the community he constructed many gurudwaras in various villages.

The most important cause of the decrease in the number of Hindu Lubanas was the changed instructions issued in the Census of 1911. Previously only those persons were recorded as Sikhs who. according to the tenets of Guru Gobind Singh grew long hair and abstained from smoking, but since then any one was recorded as Sikhs who returned himself as such whether or not he practised those tenets.

The Lubana community was dominated by males. In 1891 the total Lubanas in the British Punjab were 49,104. Among them 53.2 percent were males and 46.8 percent females. In 1921 their total number was 48,988. Of this 53.05 percent were males and 46.95 percent females. In this way the proportion of the males and females over the time remained almost the same. The Lubanas continued to face the shortage of women which might have been the source of certain social evils.

The Lubanas were chiefly found in the central Punjab, particularly in the districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Gurdaspur, Gujrat, Hoshiarpur, Muzaffargarh and Ludhiana. To a large extent, the river channels attracted Lubanas to settle along them.

There was little change in the geographical distribution of the Lubanas in the later years. In 1921, the majority of the Lubana population concentrated in Sheikhpura, Gujrat, Sialkot, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Gujranwala districts. The next in importance came Kangra, Ambala, Ferozepur, Muzaffargarh, Ludhiana and Lahore districts. In other districts of the Punjab their number was insignificant.

Due to territoral changes there was increase or decrease in the number of Lubanas of area of one district to another. In the second half of the nineteenth century, no significant change came in their distribution. But the changes which occurred in the beginning of the tweintieth century affected their distribution. For example, no Lubanas were recorded in the Ferozepur district in the census of 1868. With the abolition of Sirsa district, its Fazilka Tehsil having few Lubanas was transfered to Ferozepur district. Later on, the extension of agriculture in this district steadily attracted Lobana immigration. Thus in the census reports we find an increase in the number of Lubanas in Ferozepur district.

The establishment of the Chenab colony led to the formation of Lyallpur district in 1904. The area included in Lyallpur district had 1,435 Lubanas. It decreased their number in Jhang, Montgomery and Gujranwala districts as their areas were transfered to Lyallpur. Similarly, the government notification no. 211 dated the 9th februrary 1909 transferred Leiah Tehsil from Mianwali to Muzaffargarh district which decreased the number of Lubanas in Mianwali district from 926 in 1901 to 60 in 1911 and increased their numbers in Muzaffargarh district from 1,189 in 1901 to 3,218 in 1911. Similar was the case of Gujarnwala and Lahore when one tehsil of Lahore was transfered to Gujaranwala in 1910. The formation of Sheikhpura district in 1919 greatly affected Lubana population in Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot districts. Sheikhupura district was created from the parts of the Lahore and Gujranwala districts. Some transfers from Sialkot to Gujranwala also took place at the same time.

On the religious basis, the Hindu Lubana were numerous in the Hindu dominated districts like Ambala, Kangra and Hoshiarpur. The Sikh Lubanas were chiefly found in the central districts of the province like Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujrat,

, Gujranwala, Gurdaspur and Amritsar. The Muslim Lubanas lived mainly in Ferozepur districts in south-western side of the province.

Some availabilities like water, hunting, material for ropes, grassmats, brushes, baskets and waste land attracted the Lobanas to settle mainly along the banks of rivers. They were found in large numbers in the BET areas of Gujrat and Sheikhupura districts. The Lubanas of Lower Indus and those in the Ludhiana district were chiefly found in the BET areas. The Lubanas of Gurdaspur district also settled mainly in Gurdaspur Tehsil near the banks of river Bias. In Lahore district, the Sikh Lubanas were found principally along the Ravi banks. The Lubanas of Hoshiarpur district, lived mainly in the Dasuya Tehsil on the eastern side of the river Bias.

The occupation of the Lubanas determined their habitat. From the very beginning of the twentieth century, majority of the Lubanas were engaged in agriculture. They mainly lived in the rural areas. Only few Lubanas had their urban sources of livelihood. They were engaged in industry, trade, transport and civil services. By 1911, only 1.50 percent Lubanas were engaged in industry, 1.66 percent intrade and 3.31 percent in transport. Thus minor portion of the community lived in urban areas. Various amenities available in the urban areas brought great in the life-style of urban Lubanas.

To sum up, we say that significant changes occurred in the composition and distribution of the Lubanas. Their composition on the basis of religion and occupation changed during this period. They were mainly Hindus at the commencement of the British rule. Certain factors like the influence of Singh Sabha Movement, enlistment of Keshadhari Lubanas in the army, simplicity of Sikhism, efforts of Sant Prem Singh and changed instructions in the Census of 1911 increased the number of Sikh Lubanas. In the same way, they were mainly carriers at the outset of the British rule and became agriculturists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Lubanas were chiefly found in Lahore, Sialkot, Gujrat, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura districts. They mainly lived in rural areas along the river banks.

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